Nitrates are especially harmful to infants. It reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen and can cause a condition known as "Blue-Baby" syndrome. Infants under one year of age should not drink water containing nitrate at a concentration greater than the drinking water standard of 10 mg/L . Some adults may be at risk including individuals with reduced gastric acidity, individuals with a hereditary lack of methemoglobin reductase, and women who are pregnant.

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